What is Extreme Programming (XP)? - GeeksforGeeks (2024)

Extreme programming (XP) is one of the most important software development frameworks of Agile models. It is used to improve software quality and responsiveness to customer requirements.

The extreme programming model recommends taking the best practices that have worked well in the past in program development projects to extreme levels.

What is Extreme Programming (XP)?

Extreme Programming (XP) is an Agile software development methodology that focuses on delivering high-quality software through frequent and continuous feedback, collaboration, and adaptation. XP emphasizes a close working relationship between the development team, the customer, and stakeholders, with an emphasis on rapid, iterative development and deployment.

Agile development approaches evolved in the 1990s as a reaction to documentation and bureaucracy-based processes, particularly the waterfall approach. Agile approaches are based on some common principles, some of which are:

1. Working software is the key measure of progress in a project.
2. For progress in a project, therefore software should be developed and delivered rapidly in small increments.
3. Even late changes in the requirements should be entertained.
4. Face-to-face communication is preferred over documentation.
5. Continuous feedback and involvement of customers are necessary for developing good-quality software.
6. A simple design that involves and improves with time is a better approach than doing an elaborate design up front for handling all possible scenarios.
7. The delivery dates are decided by empowered teams of talented individuals.

Extreme programming is one of the most popular and well-known approaches in the family of agile methods. an XP project starts with user stories which are short descriptions of what scenarios the customers and users would like the system to support. Each story is written on a separate card, so they can be flexibly grouped.

Good Practices in Extreme Programming

Some of the good practices that have been recognized in the extreme programming model and suggested to maximize their use are given below:

• Code Review: Code review detects and corrects errors efficiently. It suggests pair programming as coding and reviewing of written code carried out by a pair of programmers who switch their work between them every hour.
• Testing: Testing code helps to remove errors and improves its reliability. XP suggests test-driven development (TDD) to continually write and execute test cases. In the TDD approach, test cases are written even before any code is written.
• Incremental development: Incremental development is very good because customer feedback is gained and based on this development team comes up with new increments every few days after each iteration.
• Simplicity: Simplicity makes it easier to develop good-quality code as well as to test and debug it.
• Design: Good quality design is important to develop good quality software. So, everybody should design daily.
• Integration testing: Integration Testing helps to identify bugs at the interfaces of different functionalities. Extreme programming suggests that the developers should achieve continuous integration by building and performing integration testing several times a day.

Basic Principles of Extreme programming

XP is based on the frequent iteration through which the developers implement User Stories. User stories are simple and informal statements of the customer about the functionalities needed. A User Story is a conventional description by the user of a feature of the required system. It does not mention finer details such as the different scenarios that can occur. Based on User stories, the project team proposes Metaphors. Metaphors are a common vision of how the system would work. The development team may decide to build a Spike for some features. A Spike is a very simple program that is constructed to explore the suitability of a solution being proposed. It can be considered similar to a prototype. Some of the basic activities that are followed during software development by using the XP model are given below:

• Coding: The concept of coding which is used in the XP model is slightly different from traditional coding. Here, the coding activity includes drawing diagrams (modeling) that will be transformed into code, scripting a web-based system, and choosing among several alternative solutions.
• Testing: The XP model gives high importance to testing and considers it to be the primary factor in developing fault-free software.
• Listening: The developers need to carefully listen to the customers if they have to develop good quality software. Sometimes programmers may not have the depth knowledge of the system to be developed. So, the programmers should understand properly the functionality of the system and they have to listen to the customers.
• Designing: Without a proper design, a system implementation becomes too complex, and very difficult to understand the solution, thus making maintenance expensive. A good design results elimination of complex dependencies within a system. So, effective use of suitable design is emphasized.
• Feedback: One of the most important aspects of the XP model is to gain feedback to understand the exact customer needs. Frequent contact with the customer makes the development effective.
• Simplicity: The main principle of the XP model is to develop a simple system that will work efficiently in the present time, rather than trying to build something that would take time and may never be used. It focuses on some specific features that are immediately needed, rather than engaging time and effort on speculations of future requirements.
• Pair Programming: XP encourages pair programming where two developers work together at the same workstation. This approach helps in knowledge sharing, reduces errors, and improves code quality.
• Continuous Integration: In XP, developers integrate their code into a shared repository several times a day. This helps to detect and resolve integration issues early on in the development process.
• Refactoring: XP encourages refactoring, which is the process of restructuring existing code to make it more efficient and maintainable. Refactoring helps to keep the codebase clean, organized, and easy to understand.
• Collective Code Ownership: In XP, there is no individual ownership of code. Instead, the entire team is responsible for the codebase. This approach ensures that all team members have a sense of ownership and responsibility towards the code.
• Planning Game: XP follows a planning game, where the customer and the development team collaborate to prioritize and plan development tasks. This approach helps to ensure that the team is working on the most important features and delivers value to the customer.
• On-site Customer: XP requires an on-site customer who works closely with the development team throughout the project. This approach helps to ensure that the customer’s needs are understood and met, and also facilitates communication and feedback.

Applications of Extreme Programming (XP)

Some of the projects that are suitable to develop using the XP model are given below:

• Small projects: The XP model is very useful in small projects consisting of small teams as face-to-face meeting is easier to achieve.
• Projects involving new technology or Research projects: This type of project faces changing requirements rapidly and technical problems. So XP model is used to complete this type of project.
• Web development projects: The XP model is well-suited for web development projects as the development process is iterative and requires frequent testing to ensure the system meets the requirements.
• Collaborative projects: The XP model is useful for collaborative projects that require close collaboration between the development team and the customer.
• Projects with tight deadlines: The XP model can be used in projects that have a tight deadline, as it emphasizes simplicity and iterative development.
• Projects with rapidly changing requirements: The XP model is designed to handle rapidly changing requirements, making it suitable for projects where requirements may change frequently.
• Projects where quality is a high priority: The XP model places a strong emphasis on testing and quality assurance, making it a suitable approach for projects where quality is a high priority.

XP, and other agile methods, are suitable for situations where the volume and space of requirements change are high and where requirement risks are considerable.

Life Cycle of Extreme Programming (XP)

The Extreme Programming Life Cycle consist of five phases:

1. Planning: The first stage of Extreme Programming is planning. During this phase, clients define their needs in concise descriptions known as user stories. The team calculates the effort required for each story and schedules releases according to priority and effort.
2. Design: The team creates only the essential design needed for current user stories, using a common analogy or story to help everyone understand the overall system architecture and keep the design straightforward and clear.
3. Coding: Extreme Programming (XP) promotes pair programming i.e. wo developers work together at one workstation, enhancing code quality and knowledge sharing. They write tests before coding to ensure functionality from the start (TDD), and frequently integrate their code into a shared repository with automated tests to catch issues early.
4. Testing: Extreme Programming (XP) gives more importance to testing that consist of both unit tests and acceptance test. Unit tests, which are automated, check if specific features work correctly. Acceptance tests, conducted by customers, ensure that the overall system meets initial requirements. This continuous testing ensures the software’s quality and alignment with customer needs.
5. Listening: In the listening phase regular feedback from customers to ensure the product meets their needs and to adapt to any changes.

Values of Extreme Programming (XP)

There are five core values of Extreme Programming (XP)

1. Communication: The essence of communication is for information and ideas to be exchanged amongst development team members so that everyone has an understanding of the system requirements and goals. Extreme Programming (XP) supports this by allowing open and frequent communication between members of a team.
2. Simplicity: Keeping things as simple as possible helps reduce complexity and makes it easier to understand and maintain the code.
3. Feedback: Feedback loops which are constant are among testing as well as customer involvements which helps in detecting problems earlier during development.
4. Courage: Team members are encouraged to take risks, speak up about problems, and adapt to change without fear of repercussions.
5. Respect: Every member’s input or opinion is appreciated which promotes a collective way of working among people who are supportive within a certain group.

Advantages of Extreme Programming (XP)

• Slipped schedules: Timely delivery is ensured through slipping timetables and doable development cycles.
• Misunderstanding the business and/or domain − Constant contact and explanations are ensured by including the client on the team.
• Canceled projects: Focusing on ongoing customer engagement guarantees open communication with the consumer and prompt problem-solving.
• Staff turnover: Teamwork that is focused on cooperation provides excitement and goodwill. Team spirit is fostered by multidisciplinary cohesion.
• Costs incurred in changes: Extensive and continuing testing ensures that the modifications do not impair the functioning of the system. A functioning system always guarantees that there is enough time to accommodate changes without impairing ongoing operations.
• Business changes: Changes are accepted at any moment since they are seen to be inevitable.
• Production and post-delivery defects: the unit tests to find and repair bugs as soon as possible.

Conclusion

Extreme Programming (XP) is a Software Development Methodology, known for its flexibility, collaboration and rapid feedback using techniques like continuous testing, frequent releases, and pair programming, in which two programmers collaborate on the same code. XP supports user involvement throughout the development process while prioritizingsimplicity and communication. Overall, XP aims to deliver high-quality software quickly and adapt to changing requirements effectively.

1. What are the 5 phases of extreme programming?

Five Phases of Extreme Programming are:

• Planning.
• Design.
• Coding.
• Testing.
• Listening

2. Why use extreme programming?

Extreme Programming (XP) enables developers to respond to user stories, adapt, and modify in real time.

3. Who created extreme programming?

In 1996, software developer Kent Beck created XP as a lightweight agile framework. He structured the methodology on 12 practices, which may have been inspired by the 12 principles of the Agile Manifesto.