1. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007;458:40–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Mather HM, Levin GE. Magnesium status in diabetes. Lancet. 1979;1:924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Schnack C, Bauer I, Pregant P, Hopmeier P, Schernthaner G. Hypomagnesaemia in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is not corrected by improvement of long-term metabolic control. Diabetologia. 1992;35:77–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Ramadass S, Basu S, Srinivasan AR. SERUM magnesium levels as an indicator of status of Diabetes Mellitus type 2. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015;9:42–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Ma J, Folsom AR, Melnick SL, Eckfeldt JH, Sharrett AR, Nabulsi AA, Hutchinson RG, Metcalf PA. Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:927–940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Del Gobbo LC, Song Y, Poirier P, Dewailly E, Elin RJ, Egeland GM. Low serum magnesium concentrations are associated with a high prevalence of premature ventricular complexes in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11:23. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Hashizume N, Mori M. An analysis of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia. Jpn J Med. 1990;29:368–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Guerrero-Romero F, Tamez-Perez HE, González-González G, Salinas-Martínez AM, Montes-Villarreal J, Treviño-Ortiz JH, Rodríguez-Morán M. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab. 2004;30:253–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Wong ET, Rude RK, Singer FR, Shaw ST. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983;79:348–352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Chernow B, Bamberger S, Stoiko M, Vadnais M, Mills S, Hoellerich V, Warshaw AL. Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care. Chest. 1989;95:391–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Whang R, Ryder KW. Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Requested vs routine. JAMA. 1990;263:3063–3064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Barbagallo M, Di Bella G, Brucato V, D’Angelo D, Damiani P, Monteverde A, Belvedere M, Dominguez LJ. Serum ionized magnesium in diabetic older persons. Metabolism. 2014;63:502–509. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Resnick LM, Altura BT, Gupta RK, Laragh JH, Alderman MH, Altura BM. Intracellular and extracellular magnesium depletion in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993;36:767–770. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Barbagallo M, Gupta RK, Dominguez LJ, Resnick LM. Cellular ionic alterations with age: relation to hypertension and diabetes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1111–1116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Resnick LM. Magnesium metabolism in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Ther. 2007;14:375–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Wälti MK, Zimmermann MB, Walczyk T, Spinas GA, Hurrell RF. Measurement of magnesium absorption and retention in type 2 diabetic patients with the use of stable isotopes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:448–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Günther T. Magnesium in bone and the magnesium load test. Magnes Res. 2011;24:223–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Ferlisi A, Cani C, Malfa L, Pineo A, Busardo’ A, Paolisso G. Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X. Mol Aspects Med. 2003;24:39–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Kao WH, Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, Mo JP, Watson RL, Brancati FL. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2151–2159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. McNair P, Christensen MS, Christiansen C, Madsbad S, Transbøl I. Renal hypomagnesaemia in human diabetes mellitus: its relation to glucose homeostasis. Eur J Clin Invest. 1982;12:81–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Djurhuus MS, Skøtt P, Hother-Nielson O, Klitgaard NA, Beck-Nielsen H. Insulin increases renal magnesium excretion: a possible cause of magnesium depletion in hyperinsulinaemic states. Diabet Med. 1995;12:664–669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Lee CT, Lien YH, Lai LW, Chen JB, Lin CR, Chen HC. Increased renal calcium and magnesium transporter abundance in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1786–1791. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Saris NE, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A. Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;294:1–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Weglicki WB. Hypomagnesemia and inflammation: clinical and basic aspects. Annu Rev Nutr. 2012;32:55–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and aging. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16:832–839. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26. Barbagallo M, Gupta RK, Resnick LM. Cellular ions in NIDDM: relation of calcium to hyperglycemia and cardiac mass. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:1393–1398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Resnick LM, Militianu D, Cunnings AJ, Pipe JG, Evelhoch JL, Soulen RL. Direct magnetic resonance determination of aortic distensibility in essential hypertension: relation to age, abdominal visceral fat, and in situ intracellular free magnesium. Hypertension. 1997;30:654–659. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Sakaguchi Y, Shoji T, Hayashi T, Suzuki A, Shimizu M, Mitsumoto K, Kawabata H, Niihata K, Okada N, Isaka Y, et al. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a novel predictor of end-stage renal disease. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1591–1597. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Van Laecke S, Nagler EV, Verbeke F, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Hypomagnesemia and the risk of death and GFR decline in chronic kidney disease. Am J Med. 2013;126:825–831. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Tin A, Grams ME, Maruthur NM, Astor BC, Couper D, Mosley TH, Selvin E, Coresh J, Kao WH. Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study suggest that low serum magnesium is associated with incident kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2015;87:820–827. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ. Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Magnes Res. 2011;24:S115–S121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Ruel G, Shi Z, Zhen S, Zuo H, Kröger E, Sirois C, Lévesque JF, Taylor AW. Association between nutrition and the evolution of multimorbidity: the importance of fruits and vegetables and whole grain products. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:513–520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium homeostasis and aging. Magnes Res. 2009;22:235–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Morris SJ, Loria CM, Van Horn L, Jacobs DR, Savage PJ. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation. 2006;113:1675–1682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Matsunobu S, Terashima Y, Senshu T, Sano H, Itoh H. Insulin secretion and glucose uptake in hypomagnesemic sheep fed a low magnesium, high potassium diet. J Nutr Biochem. 1990;1:167–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Balon TW, Gu JL, Tokuyama Y, Jasman AP, Nadler JL. Magnesium supplementation reduces development of diabetes in a rat model of spontaneous NIDDM. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:E745–E752. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Fung TT, Manson JE, Solomon CG, Liu S, Willett WC, Hu FB. The association between magnesium intake and fasting insulin concentration in healthy middle-aged women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22:533–538. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Humphries S, Kushner H, Falkner B. Low dietary magnesium is associated with insulin resistance in a sample of young, nondiabetic Black Americans. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:747–756. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Chaudhary DP, Boparai RK, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Studies on the development of an insulin resistant rat model by chronic feeding of low magnesium high sucrose diet. Magnes Res. 2004;17:293–300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Venu L, Kishore YD, Raghunath M. Maternal and perinatal magnesium restriction predisposes rat pups to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. J Nutr. 2005;135:1353–1358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Suárez A, Pulido N, Casla A, Casanova B, Arrieta FJ, Rovira A. Impaired tyrosine-kinase activity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesaemic rats. Diabetologia. 1995;38:1262–1270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Mather HM, Nisbet JA, Burton GH, Poston GJ, Bland JM, Bailey PA, Pilkington TR. Hypomagnesaemia in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 1979;95:235–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Yokota K. [Diabetes mellitus and magnesium] Clin Calcium. 2005;15:203–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Longstreet DA, Heath DL, Vink R. A potential link between magnesium intake and diabetes in Indigenous Australians. Med J Aust. 2005;183:219–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. Colditz GA, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Willett WC, Speizer FE. Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:1018–1023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2007;262:208–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47. Dong JY, Qin LQ. Dietary calcium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: possible confounding by magnesium. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66:408–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. Song Y, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1438–1444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49. Guerrero-Romero F, Rascón-Pacheco RA, Rodríguez-Morán M, de la Peña JE, Wacher N. Hypomagnesaemia and risk for metabolic glucose disorders: a 10-year follow-up study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008;38:389–396. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50. Ma B, Lawson AB, Liese AD, Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ. Dairy, magnesium, and calcium intake in relation to insulin sensitivity: approaches to modeling a dose-dependent association. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:449–458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51. Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:59–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
52. Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hu FB. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:134–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53. Kim DJ, Xun P, Liu K, Loria C, Yokota K, Jacobs DR, He K. Magnesium intake in relation to systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2604–2610. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
54. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:250–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
55. McCarty MF. Complementary vascular-protective actions of magnesium and taurine: a rationale for magnesium taurate. Med Hypotheses. 1996;46:89–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
56. Rodríguez-Morán M, Simental Mendía LE, Zambrano Galván G, Guerrero-Romero F. The role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes: a brief based-clinical review. Magnes Res. 2011;24:156–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
57. Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1147–1152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58. Yokota K, Kato M, Lister F, Ii H, Hayakawa T, Kikuta T, Kageyama S, Tajima N. Clinical efficacy of magnesium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:506S–509S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59. de Valk HW, Verkaaik R, van Rijn HJ, Geerdink RA, Struyvenberg A. Oral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 1998;15:503–507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
60. McCarty MF. Nutraceutical resources for diabetes prevention--an update. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64:151–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
61. Schulze MB, Hu FB. Primary prevention of diabetes: what can be done and how much can be prevented? Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:445–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:346–355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
63. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Pineo A, Belvedere M. Oral magnesium supplementation improves vascular function in elderly diabetic patients. Magnes Res. 2010;23:131–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
64. Barragán-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, equivalent trial. Magnes Res. 2008;21:218–223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65. McCarty MF. Magnesium may mediate the favorable impact of whole grains on insulin sensitivity by acting as a mild calcium antagonist. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64:619–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
66. Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Schöfl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, Koebnick C, Kohl A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF. Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:775–780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
67. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB, Mayer-Davis EJ. Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:965–971. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
68. McKeown NM. Whole grain intake and insulin sensitivity: evidence from observational studies. Nutr Rev. 2004;62:286–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
69. Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Med Res. 2014;45:325–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
