Why Should Baltimore Recycle More? · Why Should Baltimore Recycle More? Institute for Local Self-Reliance Washington, DC March 2017 Institute for Local Self-Reliance, March 2017 - [PDF Document] (2024)

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance

Washington,DC

March2017

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

AbouttheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance

TheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance(ILSR)isa42-year-oldnationalnonprofitresearchand

educationalorganization.ILSR’smissionistoprovideinnovativestrategies,workingmodels,and

timelyinformationtosupportstrong,communityrooted,environmentallysound,andequitablelocal

economies.Tothisend,ILSRworkswithcitizens,policymakers,andbusinessestodesignsystems,

policies,andenterprisesthatmeetlocalneeds;tomaximizehuman,material,natural,andfinancial

resources,andtoensurethatthebenefitsofthesesystemsandresourcesaccruetoalllocalcitizens.

Moreatwww.ilsr.org.

AbouttheAuthor

ThisreportwaspreparedbyNeilSeldman,PhD,co-founderoftheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance

anddirectoroftheRecyclingandEconomicDevelopmentInitiativeinWashington,DC.

SeldmanhashelpedcitiessuchasLosAngeles,PhiladelphiaandAustinsuccessfullyredirect

investmentfromgarbageincinerationtorecycling,compostingandreuse.Headvisescitiesand

countiesonmaximizingtherecoveryofmaterialsfromthewastestream,andaddingvaluetothe

theirlocaleconomythroughprocessing,repairandremanufacturing.Hehasbeenapioneerof

recycling,anti-incinerationandzerowastepolicies.

Seldmanhasundertakenresearchandtechnicalassistanceprojectsundergrantsandcontracts

fromtheWorldBank,NationalScienceFoundation,USEPA,USHHS,USDOE,RockefellerFamily

Fund,CSMottFoundationandtheFordFoundation.

SeldmanwasacommunityandyouthorganizerinWashington,DCthroughtheNeighborhood

PlanningCouncils,electedyouthcouncilscreatedin1968tohelpthecitymoveforwardfollowingthe

assassinationoftheMartinLutherKing,Jr.

PriortothefoundingofILSRin1974SeldmanwasamanufacturerofconsumergoodsinNewYork

CityanduniversitylecturerinpoliticaltheoryatTheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?2

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

TherearetwoprimaryreasonswhyBaltimoreshouldinvestinmorerecycling.Establishing

highrecyclinglevelswillpositionthecity’sresidentsandbusinessesforthefuture,when

thecostsofincinerationandlandfillwillbemoreexpensive.Thecitycouldsavecitizensand

businesseshundredsofmillionsofdollarsbyshrinkingitswastestreamforthenext

generation.

Moreimmediately,increasedrecyclingmeansmorejobs.Withinthreeyears,basedonthe

experiencesofothercities,Baltimorecouldhave500newdirectjobsinthissectorofthe

city’seconomy.(SeeAppendixI)Ingeneral,forevery10,000tonsofmaterialsincinerated,

onejobiscreated.Forevery10,000tonsofmaterialsprocessedforrecyclingand

composting,fiveto10jobsarecreated.Hundredsmorejobsarecreatedwhenprocessed

materialsareusedinindustryandagriculture. Oakland,CAcreated1,000jobsinthe1

recyclingsectorinthelast10years.Basedontheresultsofarecentbusinessreporton

recyclingandjobsinSouthCarolina,ifjustonepercentofBaltimoreresidentsrecycled

eightmorenewspaperspermonth,itwouldadd$304,000tothelocaleconomy. 2

ExpandingRecyclinginBaltimore

MayorPugh’sTransitionReportidentifiessolidwasteandrecyclingmanagementasatop

priority,callingforthedoublingofthecity’srecyclingratewithinoneyearasaprimary

strategytoeliminatetheuseofthedowntowngarbageincineratorandlandfills. 3

ThenetcosttothecityforincinerationattheWheelabratorBaltimoreincineratoris$50per

ton. ThenetcosttothecityforrecyclingasofMarch2017was$18perton. Foreveryton4 5

thecityrecycles,itsaves$32.Atcurrentprices,the25,000tonsperyearthatthecity

recyclessaves$800,000.MayorPugh’sgoalistodoubletherecyclingratewithinafew

years;ifthatgoalismet,thecitywillsave$1.6millionannuallyatcurrentprices.

1“RecyclingMeansBusiness.”InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance.2“TheBenefitsofIncreasedHouseholdRecyclingRatesinSouthCarolina:ACommodity-LevelAnalysis.”DarlaMooreSchoolofBusiness,UniversityofSouthCarolina,September2016.3MayorCatherineE.PughTransitionReport.TheMayoralsocalledforsolidwastetobeacabinet-levelagency,andfortheformationofaSolidWasteCommissiontocoordinateactivityofgovernmentagencies.4ThisfigurereflectsthetipfeeatWheelabratorBaltimoreminusthetipfeeatthecity-ownedQuarantineRoadLandfillearnedbyBaltimorefortheincinerationashthatisdumpedthere.5In2016,thenetcosttorecyclewas$50perton.Increasedmarketvalueofrecycledmaterialshasreducedthenetcostofrecycling.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?3

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Whilethemarketsforrecycledmaterialsfluctuate,thecostsofupgradingtheaging

incineratorandexpandingtheashlandfillcanbeexpectedtoriseinthenextfewyears.

Replacementincinerationandlandfillcapacitywillsteadilyincreaseovertime.Forexample,

theinstallationofselectivecatalyticreduction(SCR)technologytoreducepollutionat

Wheelabratorwasestimatedbyairqualityofficialstocostsomewherearound$70million,

with$10or$11millioninyearlyoperatingcosts. TheHarfordCounty,MD,garbage6

incineratorclosedafter28yearsinsteadofitsprojectedusefulservicelifeof30years,

because"completeupgrades[wouldhavebeen]uneconomicalandunsuccessfulat

achievinganincreaseinoperationalefficiency." 7

BaltimoreCity’scontractwithWheelabratorBaltimoreexpiresattheendof2021withacity

optionthrough2026.Iftheincineratorcontinuestooperatebeyond2021,thecitywillhave

toexpandthecapacityofQuarantineRoadLandfill.

Baltimore’sbusinessinstitutionsandresidencesgenerateabout970,000tonsofsolid

wasteayear,including286,000tonsofconstruction&demolitiondebris.

Credit:BaltimoreOfficeofSustainability’s2014report,WastetoWealth:BaltimoreWasteStreamAnalysis

6FernShen.“Critics:BRESCO’sProposedPollutionControlsa‘BandAid.’”Environment,January19,2017.7Commander,AberdeenProvingGround,MD,FinalDraftSupplementalEnvironmentalAssessment,May2009.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?4

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

ExcludingC&Dwaste,Baltimorebusinesses,institutionsandresidencesgenerateabout

686,000tonsperyearofsolidwaste.TheDepartmentofPublicWorksisresponsiblefor

collectingresidentialsolidwaste,whichcomprisesalittlelessthanathirdofthewaste.A

fewapartmentsandabout110smallbusinessescurrentlyreceiverecyclingservicesfrom

thecity.Thevastmajorityofapartmentsandbusinesseshireprivatehaulerstoprovide

garbageandrecyclingservices.BusinessesandapartmentsinBaltimorearerequiredby

statemandatetorecycle.Mostrecently,theDepartmenthasbeenreorganizedintofour

quadrants,eachofwhichwillberesponsibleforgarbageandrecyclingcollection,street

cleaning,littercontrolandbulkywastepickups.

Credit:BaltimoreOfficeofSustainability’s2014report:WastetoWealth:BaltimoreWasteStreamAnalysis

Baltimore’sofficialresidentialrecyclingrateis28percent,comparedtoanationalrecycling

rateof35percent. 8

8Comparinglocalandnationalrecyclingratesischallengingbecausedifferentstatesandcitiesusedifferentmethodologies.InBaltimore,the28%recyclingrateincludesa5%creditforincinerationplusa4%creditforsourcereduction.Italso,apparently,includesC&Drecyclingwhichcomesto9%ofthetotal.Ifthesethreeitemsweredeletedfromrecyclingtotals,theratewouldbecloserto13%.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?5

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Credit:BaltimoreOfficeofSustainability’s2014report:WastetoWealth:BaltimoreWasteStreamAnalysis

AccordingtotheBaltimoreOfficeofSustainability’s2014report,WastetoWealth:Baltimore

WasteStreamAnalysis,82percentofBaltimore’shouseholdmaterialscouldberecycledor

composted.TheDPWisresponsibleforcollectingresidentialsolidwasteandrecycling.

HowtoExpandRecyclingandIncreasetheValueof

RecoveredMaterials

1.Distributefreerecyclingcontainers

Before2009,DPWprovidedtwice-weeklypickupforgarbageandbiweeklypickupfor

recycledmaterials.After2009,theDPWbeganprovidingweeklypickupforgarbageand

recycling.Atthesametime,DPWdecreasedthesizeofgarbagecartsitprovides,

encouraginglessdisposalandmorerecycling.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?6

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

In2016,thecitytookout$9millioninlow-interestloansandprovidedeveryhousehold

witha64-gallontrashcan.InWestport,wheretheincineratorislocated,community

activistsareproposingalineiteminnextyear’sbudgettocoverthecostoffreerecycling

containersforallresidentsinWestportanditsadjacentcommunitiesofCherryHill,

Lakeland,andMt.Winans.Combined,thesecommunitieswillcompriseonecomplete

pickuproute.Estimatesforcitywidedistributionofrecyclingcartsis$2.5million

Recommendation:UndertakeapilotprojectthatdistributesfreerecyclingcartsontheWestport

collectionroute.

2.UnitPricingorSaveMoreandReduceTrashorSMART 9

Currently,solidwastemanagementandrecyclingarepaidthroughpropertytaxesand

othergeneralrevenues.Incontrast,SAYTbillingsystemschargehouseholdsdirectlyfor

servicebasedonhowmuchgarbageisplacedonthecurb.Source-separatedrecyclable

materialscanbecollectedatnochargetotheresidents.

Over7,000citiesandtownsintheUSaresuccessfullyusingaSAYTsystem. Thecityof10

Worcester,MA,isausefulexample. In1993,Worcestermovedtowardrecyclingandaway11

fromincinerationbymakingrecyclingmandatoryandimplementingaSAYTsystem.

Worcester,acityofalmost200,000,hassaved$99millionindisposalcostssince1993,

makingsavingsafarmoreimportanteconomicandfinancialassetthanthemarketpriceof

recyclablematerials."Ifcommunitiesareseriousaboutrecycling,theywillembrace

pay-as-you-throw,"saysRobertMoylan,thepublic-worksdirectorwhostartedWorcester's

SMARTprogram. 12

TheConnecticutStateDepartmentofEnergyandtheEnvironment(CTDEEP),recently

contractedWasteZero,Inc.,aSMARTplanningcompany,toprovidefreeassistanceto10

citiesinthestateinterestedinimplementingandmonitoringSMARTprograms.Rhode

9SMARTisalsoknownasPayasYouThrow(PAYT)orSaveAsYouThrow(SAYT).FurtherdetailscanbefoundattheEPA,ConnecticutDEEP,TownofPlymouth,MA,andthestateofMassachusettsWebsites.10LargercitiesalsouseSAYT:examplesincludeSanJose,SanFrancisco,andSeattle.ForcasestudiesofsmallercitiesthatuseSAYT,seePay-as-You-ThrowCommunities.11PAYTNow.12SeeDCEnvironmentalNetworkWorkshopforvideoofaSAYTworkshopconductedfortheDCDPW,September2016.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?7

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Islandisabouttoimplementthesametechnicalassistanceprogramforcities.In2009,the

BaltimoreDPWcommissionedaFullCostAccountingstudyforsolidwastesystemsthat

couldbeusedtocreateamodelforanenterprisefund,whichisaprerequisitefor

introducingaSMARTsystem. TheDPWhasbeenexploringsuchafund.13

SMARTcanalsoacceleratefoodwastecomposting.ASMARTprogramwouldencouragea

rangeofcompostingsolutions,frombackyard/sideyardcompostingamonghouseholds

thathavespace,tocommunity-scalecompostingatBaltimore’smanycommunitygardens

andurbanfarms,tolargerindustrialcompostfacilities.Anincreaseincompostingdueto

SMARTwouldopenopportunitiesforentrepreneurs,suchasbike-compostcollection

enterprisesthatcouldhelpdivertfoodwastegeneratedbyrestaurants,bars,andgrocery

storesfromthewastestream.Dozensofenterprisesareemergingincitiesthroughoutthe

US,includingPhiladelphia,Gainesville,Orlando,Boston,Brooklyn,Charlotte,Reno,Austin,

NewHaven,Sacramento,andChicago. Theseenterprisesserveareasofseveralmiles14

each.InBaltimore’sCurtisBay,theFilbertStreetGardenisdevelopingabike-powered

enterpriseundergrantsfromtheAbellandTownCreekFoundations.Theprojectisbeing

facilitatedbytheCenterforChildrenandYouthDevelopment(CCYD).TheBaltimoreParks

andRecreationDepartmentisprovidingaccesstoa5.5-acreparcel.Farring-BaybrookPark

asadedicatedcommunitycompostingandgardeningsite.Therearemanyother

communitygardensinthecityaswell. SMARTwouldalsoencouragebackyard15

compostingforthosehouseholdswithsufficientspace.

InadditiontoSMART,thereareotherwaystoprovidemonetaryincentivesforhousehold

recycling.Twoprivatecompanies,RecycleBankandRewardsforRecycling,provide

13BaltimoreDPW,10-YearSolidWasteManagementPlanfor20013-2023,p.60.Themodelsfromthisstudyarebeingreviewed.“TheCitybelievesthathavinganenterprisefundtoconductsolidwasteserviceswillbefarmoreeconomicalforthecitizenrywhilefreeingmoreoftheCity’smoniestobedistributedtootherCityagencies.TheBureauofSolidWastewouldhavemorecontroloverfundingitsoperationsanditscapitalimprovementprogramthroughtheenterprisefundmechanism.”14“GrowingCommunityCollectionandCompostinginPhiladelphia.”NoraGoldstein,BioCycleMagazine,October2016.15Afterdiscontinuingitscompostingdrop-offprogramforseveralmonthswhileitoverhauleditssystem,RealFoodFarmisonceagainacceptingfoodscrapsatit*CliftonParklocation.Thefarm'snewsystem—developedintandemwiththeInstituteforLocalSelf-RelianceandUrbanFarmPlans—followsaco-opmodelthatasksparticipantstotakeaone-hourtrainingcoursebeforejoiningandthenvolunteeronehourpermonthtomaintainmembership.Oncejoined,memberscandropoffkitchenscrapsanytimeandtakehomefinishedcomposttofertilizetheirowngardens.Ifresidentswouldliketoparticipatebutdon'thavetimetovolunteer,RealFoodFarmalsoacceptscompostviaCompostCab,acollectionservicethatoperatesintheBaltimoreandDCmetroareas.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?8

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

voucherstohouseholdsandcommunitiesthatarehonoredbybothnationalbrandstores

andlocalretailers.Citiesprovidedirectincentivesof$50-$1,000tohouseholdsthrough

randominspectionofrecyclingbins.Seattlecoordinatesacommunity-levelcompetition

withanannualawardof$50,000totheleadingrecyclingcommunity,tobeusedfor

communityimprovements.

Thedevelopmentofasite-specificSMARTprogramforBaltimorewillbeuniquetothecity.

AppendixIIpresentsastep-by-stepstrategyforapilotprojectandimplementation

protocol.

RECOMMENDATION:ResearchthefeasibilityofimplementingSMARTforBaltimorehouseholds.

Exploreprivateandcityoptionsforadditionalrewardsforhouseholdsthatrecycleregularly.

3.Co-Collection,BulkyWasteCollection,MultifamilyDwellings,andSpecialEvents

Citiesthathaveimplementedinnovativehybridcollectionprotocolsandequipmentthat

promoteincreasedrecyclingachievehigher-qualitymaterialsandhelpreduce

contaminationofmaterialsinthecollectionprocess.

Oneissuewithrecyclingistheweightofthematerial,whichprecipitatesworkerfatigue.

MontgomeryCounty,MDusesacollectionapproachthatkeepspaperseparatefrommixed

glass,plastic,andmetal.Paper,theheaviestcomponentinthehouseholdrecyclingstream,

iscollectedinwheeledcartsthataremechanicallyliftedintovehicles,eliminatingtheneed

forheavylifting.Lightweightrecyclablesarecollectedintraditionalrecyclingbinsand

loadedintothecompartmentedtruck.

Multi-streamrecyclingoftenintroducesnewschedulingconflictsforcollectiontrucksand

theircrews.AninnovationinTorontoallowsonecompartmentedtrucktoefficientlycollect

garbage,recyclablesandorganicdiscards.Organicsarecollectedweekly,withgarbageand

single-streamrecyclablescollectedonalternateweeks.Householdshavenoproblemwith

holdinggarbageandrecyclablesfortwoweeks,aswithnowetmaterialsinthecartsthere

isnosmell,andthecartshaveamplecapacity.Onetruckperweekhandleswaste,organics,

andrecyclables.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?9

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Mostrecently,newSMARTprojectsinSweden,Norway,andFrancehavebeenusinga

one-passsystem.Inthehousehold,garbage,recyclables,andorganicsareputin

color-codedplasticbags.Allbagsareputinthesamecanandthesametrucktosaveon

fuel,emissions,andlabor.Thisalsosavesspace;thereisnoneedforeachhometohave

multiplecontainers.Thebagsaresortedandsenttotheirproperlocation:MRF,AD,or

landfill/incinerator.InoneregionofFrance,onlyabout200poundspercapitagoesto

incineration;therestisrecovered.Bycomparison,Washington,DC’spercapitais760

pounds,andCarrollCounty’sis850pounds.

BulkywastecollectionbyDPWtrucksandcrewsisanexpensivecomponentofthecity’s

solidwastemanagementsystem.Oceanside,CAisimplementingpilotprogramsinvolving

repairandrecyclingofover50%ofusedproducts(furniture,appliances,andmattresses)

collectedthroughthebulkywastepickupsystem.Thisreducestheoverallcostsofthis

expensiveserviceandnurturesanarrayofreuseenterprises.Baltimorealreadyhasabulky

wastepickupcallintheprogram:residentscall311toschedulethesepickups.

Citieswithyearrounddebriscollectionprogramscollecthouseholdfoodwasteinthesame

greencarts.

ThecityofBaltimoreisnotresponsibleforcollectionofgarbageandrecyclablesinthe

commercialsector.However,citypolicycanhelpgatherdataoncollectionsinthissectoras

thebasisforstimulatingrecyclingandcomposting.In2014,Washingtonbegantorequire

commercialhaulerstoreportdatatothecityforthefirsttimetoenablefutureplanning.

Collectionatmultifamilydwellingsischallenginginmostcities.Citieshaveprogramsto

helprecovermaterialsfromapartmentbuildingsbyrequiringdropoffrecyclingbinsfor

tenantsandofferingtechnicalassistanceforsettingupprograms,propersignage,and

managementtechniques.Newapartmentbuildingshavebeenrequiredtoplanforspace

forrecyclingbins.TheCityofLosAngelesprovidesrecyclingservicesdirectlytomultifamily

dwellings.

Citiesalsoprovideplanningassistanceforspecialeventrecyclingandcomposting.Cities

canmakearecyclingandcompostingplanarequirementforplanningfestival,concertand

fairactivities.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?10

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● Researchthefeasibilityofusingnewcollectionstrategiesandavailableequipmentto

increaserecyclingandcompostingthroughefficientroutingandco-collectionefficiencies.

● ConsideradoptingmandatorycommercialandhouseholdrecyclingasinPhiladelphia,

NewYorkCity,Washington,DCandWorcester,MA,amongotherjurisdictions.

4.MoreCost-EffectiveProcessingofRecyclables

Baltimore’sDPWcurrentlysends24,000tonsofrecyclablesperyeartotheWaste

ManagementInc.MRFinElkridge,MD,forprocessingofmixedrecyclablescollected

separatelyfromgarbage.

Smaller-scaleprocessingfacilitieslocatedinthecitymightproveabetterfitforBaltimore.

Thesefacilitieshaveseveraladvantages:theycanrunequipmentatit*ratedcapacity;they

overseequalitycontrolbetterthancentralizedfacilitiesthatemphasizethroughputover

qualitymaterials;andtheyreducetransportationcostsandcanbeoperatedbycity

workersoracontractedprivatecompany. AtlanticCoastRecycling,Inc.operatessingle16

streamMRFsinnorthern,centralandsouthernNewJersey.Thecompanyspecializesin

recoveringhigh-qualityglass,andisinterestedinlocatingafacilityinBaltimore.

WhenWashington,DCswitchedtosingle-streamanduseoftheWasteManagementMRF,it

lostalocalminority-ownedbusinesswith20jobs,andnowships25,000tonsofmaterials

35milestoElkridge,MDeveryyear.

InAlachuaCounty,FL,asingle-streamMRFserves250,000residentsandislocated

adjacenttothecounty’sTransferStationandResourceRecoveryPark.Baltimorecould

supporttwosingle-streamMRFs.

A“dirtyMRF”isanotherformofprocessingtechnologythatattemptstorecoverrecyclable

materialsfrommixedgarbagewithnopriorrecycling.AdirtyMRFisdifferentfroma

16InoverscaledMRFs,largeamountsofglass,paper,andplasticarenotrecoveredforrecycling,but

insteadusedasdailycoverforlandfilloperations.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?11

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

recyclingMRFinthattheformerhasnoupfrontcurbsiderecycling.TheMRFisexpectedto

recoverrecyclablematerialsfromtheflowofmixedgarbage.

Thesesystemshavenotperformedwelleconomicallyortechnically.InMontgomery,AL,

theplanthasclosed,andinMedina,OH,thesystemisonlyrecoveringfourpercentor

recyclables.ProposedprojectsinHoustonandIndianapoliswerecancelled. 17

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● Explorethefeasibilityofsmallerin-cityMRFsscaledforthecity’srecyclingstream.

● DonotdevelopadirtyMRF.

5.ExpandCommercialandHouseholdComposting

Compostingcombinesprocessingandmanufacturing.Yarddebris,soiledpaper,andfood

wasteareprocessedjointlytoproduceahighlyvaluableproductthathasyear-roundlocal

markets.High-qualitycompostisvaluedat$75perton.Compostteasandvermicompost

(wormtailings)products,whicharederivedfromcompost,canyieldtwicethisvalue.

TheOfficeofSustainability’sWastetoWealthreportrecommendsthatthecityadopt

policiesthatpromotecomposting.Italsoidentifieslandforcompostingandincubatorfor

enterprisesthataddvaluetoorganicmaterial--inparticular,theuseofacreageatthe

closedMonumentLandfillinthenortheastpartofthecity.Thecity-ownedlandatthe

QuarantineRoadLandfillinthesouthernpartofthecityisalsoavailableforcomposting

facilities.Sucha“greenzone”wouldallowlocalandregionalcompanieslikeChesapeake

Compost,Inc.,CompostCab,TheCompostCrew,andVeteranComposttooperatewithin

thecity.ThesecompaniesarenotlocatedinBaltimore,butservecommercialclientsinthe

cityandbringsource-separatedorganicmaterialtocompostsitesintheregion.Forone

company,Baltimoreisthefastestgrowingsourceofmaterials.A“greenzone”would

expandtheseenterprisesandemployBaltimoreresidentsinthislabor-intensivesector. 18

WasteNeutral,LLCisalreadyoperatinginthecity.

17“UpdateonHoustonOneBinSystemPlan.”NeilSeldman.ILSR.org;Jan19,2016.“Surveysays...Recyclingqualityharmedbyone-binapproach.”NeilSeldman.ILSR.org;Mar3,2016.18BrendaPlatt,“CompostImpactsMoreThanYouThink.”(ILSR,2016)Benefitsincludejobs,soilandwatershedprotection,climateprotectionandwaterconservation.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?12

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Appropriatelyscaledanaerobicdigestion(AD)plantshavebeendevelopedtorecover

methanefromsource-separatedorganicdiscardsfromhouseholdsandbusinesses.

Torontobuiltandoperatesa60,000-ton-per-year(200-ton-per-day)facility.Southington,CT

builta40,000-ton-per-year(150-ton-per-day)facility.Washington,DCisexploringa

5,000-ton-per-yearfacilitytoprocessorganicmaterialsfromschoolsandgovernment

cafeterias.Commercialunitsareavailablefrom1,000-to6,000-ton-per-yearcapacity.

TheOfficeofSustainabilityandtheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliancehavebegundeveloping

acomprehensivecompostplanforBaltimorethataddressesequity,scale,andvalue-added

components.TheBaltimorecompostingplanwillfeaturebackyardcomposting,

community-scalecomposting,andlargerbutappropriatelyscaledcitywidecomposting

facilities. 19

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● ReviewthecitywidecompostplanbeingpreparedbytheBaltimoreOfficeof

SustainabilityandtheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliancedueforcompletioninearly2017.

● Determineappropriatesectionsofthecitywherecompostingfacilitiescanbeoperated.

6.ResourceRecoveryParks

Thebiggestboosttojobcreationthroughrecycling,reuse,andcompostingcouldbethe

developmentofaResourceRecoveryPark(RRP),involvingsettingasidelandforcompanies

inthissectorofthelocaleconomy.Theseindustrialparksarereservedforcompaniesthat

receive,sort,process,andmanufacturenewproducts.Thebusinesseslocatedatthese

parksoftenworkinsynergywitheachother,andtheCityofBaltimorecouldcreatethese

parksandprovidetraditionaltaxandfinancialassistance.

19ThecompostplanningprocessbeganonSeptember7,2016,withastakeholdersummit.Fourworkinggroupswereformed:homeandcommunityscale,infrastructuredevelopment(includinganaerobicdigestion),foodwastereductioninschoolsK-12,andfoodwastereductionandrescue.BaltimoreOfficeofSustainability,“FromWastetoWealth:BaltimoreWasteStreamAnalysis,”(2014).Thereportfocusesonfood,wood,andC&Dmaterials.Itrecommendsthatupto20ofthe28acresoftheoldMonumentLandfillbeusedtoincubatenewbusinessesandprogramsincludingaCommunityGreeningCenter,andthatcapitalandbusinessmentoringbemadeavailabletostartupcompanies.Italsosuggestspolicyandoperationalchangeswithincityagencies.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?13

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

AlachuaCounty,FL,hasdevelopedaRRP.Itsfirstoccupantisthecounty-ownedMaterials

RecoveryFacility(MRF),thatseparatesandbalesincomingmaterials.Thematerialswillbe

availabletocompaniesthatarelocatedinthesurrounding40-acreRRP.Alachuawillnot

havecompostingcompaniesusetheRRP,asthereareamplesitesavailableinthecounty

forcompostingoperations,includingthecounty’sclosedlandfills.Austin,TX,isdevelopinga

similarRRP,referredtoasareManufacturingHub,covering105acres. 20

InSanLuisObispoCounty,CA,theSolidWasteManagementDepartmentdevelopedamini

RRPthatreducesgarbagetipfeesforhaulersthatdropoffrecyclablesandcompostable

materialspriortotippingloadsofgarbage.

Mostrecently,closertohome,MontgomeryCounty,MDhascreatedaRISEZone,or

RegionalInstitutionStrategicEnterpriseZone,asastateprogramaimedateconomic

developmentandjobcreation.Commercialandindustrialbusinessesinthezonecan

benefitfromrealestateandincometax. 21

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● ResearchthefeasibilityofRRPsfortheCityofBaltimore.

● Explorethepossibilityofstateassistanceinplanningandprovidingincentivesto

companieslocatedintheseindustrialparks.

7.ExpandRecyclingofConstructionandDemolition(C&D)Debris

Inthelastfewyears,citiesandcountieshaveimposedspecialpermitrequirementsfor

companiesapplyingfordemolitionpermits.Companiesmustputupabondpriorto

demolition.Thebondisreimbursedwhencompaniesshowthattheyhaverecycledatleast

50%ofitsC&Ddebris.Onejurisdiction,Monrovia,CA,requires75%recoveryofthis

materialderivedfrombuildingdemolition.ThenationalaverageforC&Drecoveryis

estimatedat70%.

20Austin[re]ManufacturingHub21“CollegeParknowaspecialMarylandbusinessincentivezone.”KarenGoff.BaltimoreBusinessJournal.Jan6,2017.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?14

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Austin,TXjustpassedregulationsthatmayreadilyapplytoBaltimorebyphasingin

mandatoryrecyclingofconstructionanddemolitionwastefromhouseholdsand

commercialbuildings.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● SeekinformationandadvicefromjurisdictionsthathaveimplementedtheseC&D

recyclinginitiatives.

● IdentifypotentialsitesforRRPsandadjustzoningappropriately.

8.ReuseorRepairandResale

Reuseandrepairgeneratehighervalueandlessenvironmentalimpactthanrecyclingor

composting.Basedondataina2007reportanalyzingthewastestreamofthestateof

Delaware,reusableproductswerejustunder3%ofthewastestreamand$550perton

whenrepairedandresold.TransposedtoBaltimore’s200,000tonsperyearofthe

householdwastestream,6,000tonsofreusableproductswouldbeworthover$3million

forthecity’seconomy.

Baltimorealreadyhasthreeexcellentnonprofitreuseenterprises.SecondChance

deconstructsbuildingsandresellsusedbuildingmaterialsinitswarehouseslocatedin

downtownBaltimore.Ithasgrowninthelast13yearsto165workers,recruitedand

trainedfromthecity’sunemployedandunderemployedresidents.Humanimisarobust

socialenterprisethatspecializesindeconstructionofpublichousingfacilitiesandother

reuseoperationsthatemploychallengedandhard-to-employresidents.Thenonprofit

organizationhasrecentlyopenedBrick+Board,whichspecializesinsortingandselling

materialsrecoveredfromdeconstructedbuildings.TheLoadingDock,anonprofitreuse

store,hasbeenoperatinginBaltimoresince1980andreachedself-sufficiencyin1990.

YetanotherBaltimoreinnovationinreuseisthecity-ownedwoodrecoveryenterpriseat

CampSmall,operatedbytheDivisionofForestrywithintheDepartmentofParksand

Recreation.Woodchips,fallentree,decayedtrees,stormdebrisareprocessedinto

compostforusebythecityagencies.Selectedtreesaresoldtotheprivatesectorwhichhas

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?15

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

beenaboonforwoodworkingshopsandrelatedbusinesses.Thisprogramwasstartedbya

loanfromthecity’sDepartmentofFinancewhichisbeingrepaidthroughrevenuesearned

bytheenterprise.CampSmallhasallowedthecitytoavoidanestimated$300,000insite

cleanupcosts.Theprojectwillsave$60,000annuallyasfuturecleanupcostsarenolonger

necessary.

InLaneCounty,OR,St.VincentdePaul(SVDP)hascreatedanetworkofrepairenterprises

formattresses,furniture,appliances,cars,books,andtextilesthatemploys500workers.

Sincethe2008recession,thecompanyhasadded100jobsandraisedwages.Salesof

repairedproductsaresoldthrough13thriftstoresthatreducethecostoflivingfor

low-incomeresidents.

SVDPhasreplicatedthesecompaniesin10EastCoastcitiesfromLowell,MAtoOrlando,

FL.Baltimoreisalikelylocationtoaddtothegrowingnetworkofsocialenterprises.

LocatedinUpperMarlboro,PrinceGeorge’sCounty,MD,eWorksdeconstructselectronic

scrapinajointventurewiththecityandnonprofitorganizations.Recoveredmachinesare

repairedandsoldorprocessedtorecovervaluableworkingpartsandalloys.eWorks

operatesinpartnershipwithMelwood,anonprofitenterprisethatemployschallenged

workers.

BothSVDPandeWorksarekeenlyinterestedinlocatingrepairandreuseenterprisesin

BaltimoreasjointventureswithBaltimore-basednonprofits.

InGainesville,FL,throughcooperationwiththeDepartmentofPublicWorks,thecity’s

franchisehaulerWasteCorporationofAmerica(WCA),andlocalnonprofitTheARCof

AlachuaCounty,electronicscrapisplacedcurbsideondesignateddays.Itispickedupby

ARCforprocessinganddeconstruction,allowingforrecoveryofworkingmachines,

parts,andvaluablealloysforresale.AccordingtoStevenJoplin,Gainesville’sSolidWaste

Manager,ARCrecyclesabouttwotonsofe-scrappermonthforthecityofGainesville

residentialcollectionprogram.Notonlydoesthissavethecityindisposalfees,italso

providesworkplacetrainingforadultswithdisabilities.

InOakland,CA,St.VincentdePaulinitiatedadropoff,reuse,andrecyclingcollection

programforelectronicscrapinvolving50churchesinAlamedaCounty.EachSunday,

electronicscrapisplacedinawalk-incontaineradjacenttothechurch,protectingthevalue

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?16

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

oftheelectronicdevices.SVDPofOaklandcollectsthedonationsandbringsthemto

availablemarketsestablishedbytheCaliforniaelectronicscrapadvanceddisposalfee

system.

InBerkeley,SanFrancisco,andPortland,OR,thousandsoftonsofreusablematerialsand

productsarerecoveredbynonprofitenterprisesthathavepermissiontogatheritemsfrom

thefloorsofthegarbagetransferstationsbeforetheygotolandfills.Theseandothercities

nurtureRepairCafesandRepairStations,wherestaffandvolunteerstrainresidents.The

DigitalRightsnetworkispressingforadditionalassistancefromoriginalequipment

manufacturerstoproviderepairkitsandtoolstopeoplewhopurchasetheirproducts.

RECOMMENDATIONS

● ExpandthereusesectorinBaltimorebeyondbuildingmaterials,throughconversations

withreuseenterprisesthatareinterestedinlocatinginBaltimore.

● Developplanforareusehubforrefurbishingandresaleforprofitandnotforprofit

enterprises.

9.BansandTakeBackPrograms

Regulationseliminatingdangerousandhard-to-recyclematerialsshouldaccompany

comprehensiverecycling.TakeBackprogramsrecycletoxicproductssuchasbatteries,

carpets,paint,mercuryswitches,lightbulbs,medicalsharps,andmattresses.These

materialsarereturnedtoorcollectedbymanufacturersforreuseorsafedisposal.

InSanLuisObispoCounty,CA,theIntegratedWasteManagementAuthorityrequires

retailersthatsellpaint,householdbatteries,fluorescenttubes,CFLs,mercurythermostats,

sharps(needles),andunwantedmedicinetotakethoseproductsbackfromthepublic.The

IntegratedWasteManagementAuthoritycollectsthoseproductsfromtheretailersand

thensendsthemforrecyclingorproperdisposal.Thedistributorsoftheproducts

reimbursetheAuthority. 22

22SanLuisObispoCountyIntegratedWasteManagementAuthority-Ordinances.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?17

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Productbanshaveproliferatedinthelastfiveyears.JurisdictionsintheWashington,DC,

metropolitanareahavebannedproductssuchasStyrofoam.Single-useplasticbagshave

beenbanned,whileotherjurisdictionsrequirea$.05feefortheiruse.

Forty-sevenstateshavedeclaredbansonatleastoneproduct,includingelectronicscrap

andyarddebris.InVermont,a2015universalbanonrecyclablematerialsfromlandfills

andincineratorshasalreadyresultedina5%reductioninthestate’soverallwaste.

Disposalbansareeffectivewhenthenecessaryinfrastructureforrecycling,composting,

andreuseareinplaceandconvenientforhouseholdsandbusinesses.Theseproducts

composejust1%eachofthesolidwastestream,buthavedeleteriousimpactsonthe

environment,wildlife,andprocessingatMRFs.Banstypicallyarephasedintogive

manufacturersandbusinessestimetotransitiontoacceptablematerialsandproducts.

Seattlebannedsignificantamountsofrecyclablematerialsfromdisposalfromhomesand

apartmenthousesin2005thatledtoajumpinrecyclingratesfrom59%to71%.Fresno

alsoimposedabanonrecyclablesfrombusinessesin2005.Theirrecyclingratejumped

from32%to64%.

RECOMMENDATION:ReviewbansandTakeBackpoliciesandprogramsfromjurisdictions

throughouttheUS.

10.GreenProcurementandSourceReduction

Bystatingapreferenceintheirprocurementprotocols,citiescanstimulatedemandfor

productsthatcontainrecycledmaterials,lastlonger,andcanbereused.AlamedaCounty,

CAsaved$120,000from2004-2014byreducingpaperuseandpurchasingrecycledpaper. 23

CityeffortsinthisareaarewelldocumentedbySanFrancisco’sResponsiblePurchasing

Network. Citypoliciescanrequirelabelingorillustrationsthatidentifyproductsthatlast24

23BobSly.“ZeroWasteasaBusinessDecision.”ZeroWasteSanDiego,January2016.24ResponsiblePurchasingNetwork.AlsoseespecificpoliciesandguidelinesfortheSeattleGreenPurchasingandContractingprogram.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?18

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

longer. PrinceGeorge’sCountyhasachecklistofstepslocalgovernmentandbusinesses25

cantaketoreducewasteatit*source. 26

Citieshavealsopreparedcomprehensivedatabasesonreuseenterprisesintheir

jurisdictionforcitizensandbusinesses.Theserangefromlongstandingorganizationssuch

asGoodwillIndustriestosmallerneighborhood-basedSwapShops.Manyuniversitieshave

establishedMoveOutprograms,inwhichtheschoolprovidesdrop-offcontainersfor

studentstodepositunwantedbutvaluableclothes,furniture,computers,andappliances.

Thesegoodsarethendeliveredtoareachurchesfordistributiontolow-incomeresidents,

thusavoidingdisposalfeesatlandfillsorincinerators.Citieshavealsoprovidedsalestax

exemptions,grants,andothersubsidiestothelocalreusesector.Companiessuchas

Oakland’sRepairRevolutionprovideeducationandtechnicalassistanceaswellas

inspirationfortheircustomers.

RECOMMENDATION:Researchsuccessfulprocurementpoliciesthathavereducedwasteand

reducedcostsforothercities.

11.EducationandPublicAwareness

Therearetwobenefitsofimplementingrecyclingandcompostingprogramsinschools:

theyreducethePublicSchoolsystem’swasteanddisposalcosts;andtheyhavetheindirect

benefitofteachingstudentsrecyclingandcompostliteracy—whatrecyclingand

compostingare,howtorecycleandcompost,andthebenefitsofdoingso.Thisknowledge

isthenbroughtbackhome,thuseducatingtheentirefamily.Recyclingandcompostingare

gatewaysformorecomprehensivelearningaboutnature,theenvironment,energy,and

theconnectionbetweenhouseholdpracticesanddriversofclimatechange.Familiaritywith

compostingandnaturalsystemsreducesthechancesofyoungpeopledevelopingnature

deficitdisorders,whichhamperthedevelopmentofintelligence.

25ArecentEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee(EESC)studyshowsconsumersaremorelikelytobuyproductsthatlastlongeriflifetimeinformationisclearlydisplayedonthelabelwithillustrations.AlsoseeShawnaD.Ganley.“GREENPRODUCTPROCUREMENTPOLICYINTHEEUROPEANUNION:TREATMENTOFLIFECYCLECARBONANALYSISANDENVIRONMENTALPPMRESTRICTIONS.”(CenterforClimateChange,2013)26“DraftZeroWasteStrategicPlanforPrinceGeorge’sCounty,MD.”DepartmentoftheEnvironmentandWasteManagement.September2016.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?19

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

In2012,BaltimoreCitySchoolsinitiatedcompostingpilotprojectsinseveralschools.

ThepilotwasdevelopedandmanagedbyKeithLosoyafromWasteNeutral,LLC

andaformerSustainabilityCommissioner. TheprogramattheFederalHillPrep27

Schoolisthrivingandcanbereplicatedinotherpublicschools.Since2010,Waste

Neutral,LLChasbeenoperatingcompostprogramsat5privateschoolsin

Baltimore.

TheBaltimoreDPWalreadyengagesinpubliceducationonrecycling.Itsprogramscanbe

strengthenedthroughcareerdevelopmentprogramsincludingindustryinternships,on-site

gardenprograms,awardprograms,andadjustmentstocurricula.Thereisanabundanceof

in-schooleducationandgeneralpublicawarenessmaterialsreadyforadaptation.Public

awarenessprogramsmustincludetheuseofsocialmedia,governmentwebsites,insertsin

utilitybills,mascots,flyers,doorhangers,dailynewspapers,weeklypapers,andcommunity

bulletinboards.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● Createaneducationandpublicawarenesstaskforcetoidentifyandadoptinfographics,

lessonplans,articles,andbooksavailableonthesubject,whichcanbeeasilyintegrated

intoanypublicorprivateschoolsystem.

● DevelopindustryinternshipprogramsforBaltimoreHighSchoolandBaltimore

CommunityCollegestudents.

● EnsuretheGreenHealthySmartChallengereachesallschoolsandplacesanemphasis

oneducationandactionrelatedtorecyclingandcomposting.

● Expandtheschoolcompostprograminitiatedin2012byBaltimoreCitySchoolsand

WasteNeutral,Inc.

12.SpecialArrangementswithSelectedCompaniesandIndustries

Anumberofcompaniesandassociationsprovideassistancetocitiestoexpandrecycling

andaddvaluetotherecycledmaterials.

27See,201209-13finalCompostingPilotinBaltimoreSchoolsCaseStudy.pdf.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?20

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

RippleGlassCompanyandStrategicMaterials,Inc.workinseveralcitiestorecover

high-qualityglass,evenasmanycompaniesexcludeglassfromcurbsidecollection.These

companiesneedtheglassfornewcontainers,abrasives,andinsulationproducts.Ripple

GlasshaulsglassfortheglassrecyclingprograminFayetteville,AR,atnochargetothecity.

TheGlassPackagingInstituterecentlyinitiatedatechnicalassistanceprogramforcities

interestedinrecoveringmoreglassfromtheirwastestream.

Othercompanieswantglassfortheabrasivesandcementindustries.Recently,Baltimore

CountysucceededinattractingQRS,Inc.,whichmanufacturesproductsfrommixed

recycledplastic. 28

TheClosedLoopFund,startedin2014,isasocialimpactinvestmentfundwith$100million

availablefromlargeUScorporations.Loanstocitiesaremadeinterestfree.Since2014,the

fundhasinvested$19millionincitiesforinfrastructure.TheQRSplantinBaltimoreCounty

receiveda$2millionloanfromthisfund. 29

TheRecyclingPartnershipisanothercorporatefundthatprovidesgrantstocitiesto

increasetheefficiencyofcurbsidecollectionprograms. TheRecyclingPartnershiprecently30

invested$2.2millioninEureka,acommunitybasednon-profitenterprisethatcollectsand

processesrecyclablesinSaintPaulandMinneapolis,MN.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

● InitiateexploratorytalkswithBaltimorebasedandnationalfoundationstoprovidefunds

fordeterminingbestpracticesforthecityincludingcotsandtimeframeforimplementing

newinfrastructurefacilities.

28“QRSOpensOne-Of-A-KindPlasticsRecyclingFacilityinBaltimoreCounty.”(BaltimoreCountyNews,November17,2015)29ClosedLoopFund'sFirst$20MofInvestmentsinRecyclingInfrastructureDemonstratesRecyclingMakesEconomicSenseForCitiesAndIndustrythisAmericaRecyclesDay.PRNewswire,2016)30TheRecyclingPartnershiporiginallystartedastheCurbsideValuePartnershipin2003.ItbecameTheRecyclingPartnershipinAprilof2015.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?21

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

● ContactindustryloanandgrantfundstoinvestigateopportunitiesforBaltimore’s

recyclingefforts.

● Contactproactivecompaniesandindustriestoexplorespecialprojectsforthecityof

Baltimore.

● Developinfrastructureforreuseenterprisesthroughfiscalandcontractingpolicies.

13.ResourcesAvailabletoBaltimoreAgencies

Thereisnocookie-cutterapproachtoplanning,implementingandmanaging

comprehensivemunicipalrecycling.However,byproperlyimplementingthestateoftheart

inSAYT,distributedcompostingandproductrepairandresale,Baltimorecanreachhigh

levelsofrecyclinganddiversionofitscurrentsolidwastestreamandbenefitfromreduced

costs,reducedpollution,increasedjobs,andcommunityresilience.

Detailed,site-specificstudiesareneededtodetermineimmediateandshort-termsteps

thatcanbetakentoreduceincinerationandincreaserecyclingandeconomicopportunities

inthecity.

ILSRsuggeststhatthenewadministration,workingwiththeDepartmentofPublicWorks

andOfficeofSustainability,takeadvantageoftwoinvaluableresources:

● Peer-to-peercommunications,conferences,andworkshopswithrepresentativesof

othercitiesthathavesuccessfulcomprehensiverecyclingprograms.Othercitiesare

interestedinsharingtheirexperiencesandbestpractices,andhelpingdisseminate

knowledgeonhowtorolloutacomprehensiverecyclingprogram.

● Experiencedrecyclingandeconomicdevelopmentspecialistsareavailableto

constructaBaltimore-specificimplementation/investmentplanforacomprehensive

recyclingprogram.

Cityagenciesdonotneedtosolelyshouldertheentirecostofresearching,developing,and

implementingacomprehensiverecyclingprogram.Localfoundationsandstateresources

canbetappedtopayforresearchandanalysis,tobematchedbythecity’ssubsequent

infrastructureinvestmentsfortransformingthesolidwastesystemintoonethatnurtures

andmaximizesrecyclingandeconomicdevelopment.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?22

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

Financingforthedevelopmentofinfrastructureforcomprehensiverecyclingandeconomic

developmentcanderivefromtheavoidedcostsofincineration,stateandmunicipalbonds,

andprivatesectorinvestors.TheMarylandStateRecyclingTrustFund,whichcollectsfines

fromcompaniesthatdonotcomplywiththestate’sminimumcontentregulationsamong

otherfinesforenvironmentalinfractions,isavailabletothecity. 31

Recommendation:Thecityshouldhireorappointastaffpersontomanagethisprocess,

includingconductingpilotprojectsaroundrecyclingandcomposting.

SummaryofRecommendations

1.Distributefreerecyclingcontainers

● UndertakeapilotprojectthatdistributesfreerecyclingcartsontheWestportcollection

route.

2.UnitPricing/Pay-As-You-Throw

● ResearchthefeasibilityofimplementingSAYTforBaltimorehouseholds.

● Exploreprivateandcityoptionsforadditionalrewardsforhouseholdsthatrecycle

regularly.

3.Co-Collection,BulkyWasteCollection,Multi-familyDwellings,andSpecialEvents

● Researchthefeasibilityofusingnewcollectionstrategiesandavailableequipmentto

increaserecyclingandcompostingthroughefficientroutingandco-collectionefficiencies.

● ConsideradoptingmandatorycommercialandhouseholdrecyclingasinPhiladelphia,

NewYorkCity,Washington,DCandWorcester,MA,amongotherjurisdictions.

4.MoreCost-EffectiveProcessingofRecyclables

● Explorethefeasibilityofsmallerin-cityMRFsscaledforthecity’srecyclingstream.

● DonotdevelopadirtyMRF.

31See,MarylandDepartmentofLegislativeServices,SolidWasteManagementandRecyclinginMaryland,January2017,p.30-33;athttp://mgaleg.maryland.gov/Pubs/LegisLegal/2017-Waste-Management.pdf

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?23

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

5.ExpandCommercialandHouseholdComposting

● ReviewthecitywidecompostplanbeingpreparedbytheBaltimoreOfficeof

SustainabilityandtheInstituteforLocalSelf-Reliancedueforcompletioninearly2017.

● Determineappropriatesectionsofthecitywherecompostingfacilitiescanbeoperated.

6.ResourceRecoveryParks

● ResearchthefeasibilityofRRPsfortheCityofBaltimore.

● Explorethepossibilityofstateassistanceinplanningandprovidingincentivesto

companieslocatedintheseindustrialparks.

7.ExpandRecyclingofConstructionandDemolition(C&D)Debris

● SeekinformationandadvicefromjurisdictionsthathaveimplementedtheseC&D

recyclinginitiatives.

● IdentifypotentialsitesforRRPsandadjustzoningappropriately.

8.ReuseorRepairandResale

● ExpandthereusesectorinBaltimorebeyondbuildingmaterialsthroughconversations

withreuseenterprisesthatareinterestedinlocatinginBaltimore.

● Developplanforareusehubforrefurbishingandresaleforprofitandnotforprofit

enterprises.

9.BansandTakeBackPrograms

● ReviewbansandTakeBackpoliciesandprogramsfromjurisdictionsthroughouttheUS.

10.GreenProcurementandSourceReduction

● Researchsuccessfulprocurementpoliciesthathavereducedwasteandreducedcostsfor

othercities.

11.EducationandPublicAwareness

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?24

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

● Createaneducationandpublicawarenesstaskforcetoidentifyandadoptinfographics,

lessonplans,articles,andbooksavailableonthesubject,whichcanbeeasilyintegrated

intoanypublicorprivateschoolsystem.

● DevelopindustryinternshipprogramsforBaltimoreHighSchoolandBaltimore

CommunityCollegestudents.

● Expandtheschoolcompostprograminitiatedin2012byBaltimoreCitySchoolsand

WasteNeutralGroup,LLC.

12.SpecialArrangementswithSelectedCompaniesandIndustries

● InitiateexploratorytalkswithBaltimore-basedandnationalfoundationstoprovide

fundsfordeterminingbestpracticesforthecityincludingcotsandtimeframefor

implementingnewinfrastructurefacilities.

● ContactindustryloanandgrantfundstoinvestigateopportunitiesforBaltimore’s

recyclingefforts.

● Contactproactivecompaniesandindustriestoexplorespecialprojectsforthecityof

Baltimore.

● Developinfrastructureforreuseenterprisesthroughfiscalandcontractingpolicies.

13.ResourcesAvailabletoBaltimoreAgencies

● Thecityshouldhireorappointastaffpersontomanagethisprocess,including

conductingpilotprojectsaroundrecyclingandcomposting.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?25

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

AppendixI:PotentialTwo-YearGrowthofRecycling-RelatedJobsinBaltimore(assuminga50%recyclingrate)

Sector Numberofjobs Sourcesofjobs

Buildingdeconstruction 40 ContinuedgrowthofSecondChanceandHumanim

ConstructionandDemolition 100Continuedgrowthofprivateandpublicsectorprocessingandreuse

GovernmentCrewsandRegulators 40Collection,administration,regulation

GeneralReuse 150Communityhubsforrefurbishedappliances,mattresses,gymequipment,electronicparts,refurbishedcomputers,automobilesplusbooksandtextiles

Composting 200 Collection,processing,sales,landscaping,groundsmanagement,nurseries,communityandhomegardens,highwaymaintenance,agriculture

MRF 60Privateandpublicsectors

Totaljobscreated:590

BasedonoperatinggovernmentagencyprogramsandrecyclingenterprisessuchasSt.VincentdePaul,LaneCounty,OR;EurekaRecycling,SaintPaul,

MN;HumanimandSecondChance,Baltimore;TheReusePeople,Oakland,CA;eWorks,PrinceGeorge’sCounty,MD;RevolutionaryRecovery,Philadelphia,

PA;VeteransComposting,Aberdeen,MD;CompostCabandTheCompostCrew,Washington,DC.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?26

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

APPENDIXII:ProgramDesignandDevelopment(KeyComponents)

1.WasteSnapshot:Collectkeydataanddocumentthecurrentsolidwastesituationin

Baltimorethroughreviewofdocumentsandmeetingswithcityofficials.Thisinformation

willserveasafoundationforinformingthesubsequentprogramdesignandanalysis.Key

itemstobereviewed,documented,andanalyzedinclude:

a. Currentcollectionmodels/protocols/normsfortrashandrecyclingacrossthe

variousmunicipalitiesandinunincorporatedareas

b. Numberofhouseholdsandresidentsserved

c. AnnualresidentialMSWtons(totalandbymunicipality)

d. Annualresidentialrecyclingtons(totalandbymunicipality)

e. Averagepoundsofwastepercapitadisposedofannually(totalandby

municipality)

f. Currentfeescollectedfromresidents(includingasamplingofsubscription

offeringsforcompostcollection

2.ProgramRecommendation:OutlinethreecountywideSAYTprogramdesignoptions

andhowtheywouldwork.Thekeyoptionstobeevaluatedare:

a. Bag-BasedSAYT

b. Tag-BasedSAYT

c. VariableRateCartSystem

Keyitemstobeaddressedforeachoptioninclude:

a. WasteReductionEffectiveness

b. OperationalBenefitsandChallenges

c. PricingandRevenueManagement

3.BenefitsAnalysis:EstimatethefinancialandenvironmentalimpactsofthethreeSAYT

programoptionsover1,3,5,and10yearperiods.Assessandprojectthefollowing:

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?27

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

a. Expectedwastereduction(tonsperyear)

b. Expectedrecyclingincrease(tonsperyear)

c. Netfinancialimpact

d. Environmentalimpacts(usingEPAWARM,WasteReductionModel)

4.SummaryReport:ReportforCityofBaltimore(inPowerPointpresentationform)that

a. SummarizesBaltimore’sobjectives

b. SummarizestheWasteSnapshot

c. Summarizesprogramtypecomparison

d. Recommendstheoptimumprogramtype

5.StakeholderMeetings:PresentrecommendationsandanalysestoBaltimore’sagency

staff,Mayor,andCityCouncil.Uponapprovalofplan,conductmeetingswithstakeholders

includingbusinesses,environmentalandcivicorganizations,andunions.

Timeline

TheWasteSnapshot,ProgramRecommendation,BenefitsAnalysis,andSummaryReport

canbecompletedwithin60days,assumingavailabilityofdataandaccesstostakeholders.

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?28

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

AppendixIII:BaltimoreWasteandRecyclingScenarios

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?29

InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance,March2017

WhyShouldBaltimoreRecycleMore?30